Introduction

Jaundice is a common condition among newborns, with an estimated 60% of full-term babies and 80% of premature infants experiencing some degree of jaundice in their early days of life. It’s important for parents to understand what jaundice is, its causes, symptoms, and treatment options. By learning about this condition, parents can seek prompt medical attention if necessary and ensure their newborn’s health and well-being.

What Is Jaundice in Newborns?

Jaundice in newborns occurs when there’s a buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is typically processed by the liver and then excreted from the body through stool and urine. However, a newborn’s liver might not be fully mature enough to process bilirubin efficiently during the first few days of life, which leads to a buildup in the blood and causes the skin and eyes to appear yellow.

Causes of Jaundice in Newborns

There are several potential causes of jaundice in newborns, ranging from harmless to more serious conditions. Some of the most common causes include:

• Physiological Jaundice: This is the most common form of jaundice in newborns, usually appearing 2-3 days after birth. It occurs because the newborn's liver is still maturing and is not yet fully efficient at processing bilirubin. It typically resolves on its own as the baby's liver matures.
• Breastfeeding Jaundice: This type of jaundice may occur if the baby is not breastfeeding well or getting enough milk in the first few days after birth. Insufficient feeding can result in dehydration, which may lead to higher bilirubin levels. Frequent and effective breastfeeding can help prevent or resolve this type of jaundice.
• Breast Milk Jaundice: Some breastfed babies develop jaundice later, typically after the first week. This type of jaundice is believed to be caused by substances in the breast milk that affect bilirubin metabolism. While this condition can last longer than physiological jaundice, it’s generally harmless and resolves without treatment.
• Hemolytic Jaundice: This type of jaundice occurs when there is an excessive breakdown of red blood cells, leading to a higher level of bilirubin in the blood. Hemolytic jaundice can be caused by blood type incompatibility between the mother and the baby (e.g., Rh or ABO incompatibility), which can cause the baby’s immune system to attack its own red blood cells.
• Other Medical Conditions: In rare cases, jaundice may be a sign of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as liver disease, infections, or enzyme deficiencies. These conditions may require specialized treatment and monitoring.

Symptoms of Jaundice in Newborns

The most noticeable sign of jaundice is yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (sclera). However, jaundice can manifest in different ways depending on its severity. Here are the common symptoms to watch out for:

• Yellowing of the Skin and Eyes: The yellow color typically starts at the head (face and eyes) and gradually spreads to the chest, abdomen, and limbs.
• Poor Feeding: Babies with jaundice may be more sleepy than usual or have difficulty feeding.
• Dark Urine: Jaundice can cause urine to appear darker than normal, which is a sign that the body is processing excessive bilirubin.
• Light-Colored Stool: Babies with jaundice may pass stools that are lighter than usual, as bilirubin is not being properly excreted.

If you notice these symptoms in your newborn, it’s crucial to seek medical advice. Early detection and intervention are key to ensuring that jaundice resolves safely.

Diagnosing Jaundice

If jaundice is suspected, a pediatrician will assess the baby’s condition and may perform several diagnostic tests, including:

• Physical Examination: The doctor will examine the baby’s skin and eyes to assess the severity of jaundice.
• Bilirubin Blood Test: A blood test is done to measure the level of bilirubin in the baby’s blood. This helps determine whether the jaundice is within a normal range or requires further intervention.
• Coombs Test: If hemolytic jaundice is suspected, a Coombs test may be done to detect if there is blood type incompatibility or an immune response affecting the red blood cells.

Treatment Options for Jaundice in Newborns

Treatment for jaundice in newborns depends on the cause and severity of the condition. The main goal is to lower bilirubin levels and ensure that the baby’s liver is functioning properly.

• Phototherapy (Light Therapy): The most common and effective treatment for jaundice is phototherapy. In this treatment, the baby is placed under special lights that help break down bilirubin in the skin. The light helps convert bilirubin into a form that can be easily eliminated by the baby’s body. Phototherapy is typically used for babies with moderate to severe jaundice.
• Exchange Transfusion: In rare cases, when bilirubin levels are dangerously high and phototherapy is ineffective, an exchange transfusion may be required. This procedure involves replacing the baby’s blood with donor blood to quickly remove excess bilirubin. This is usually only necessary for severe cases of jaundice.
• Increased Feeding: Ensuring that the baby feeds well and frequently is essential for helping the body excrete bilirubin through stool and urine. If breastfeeding is challenging, a pediatrician may suggest formula feeding or using a breast pump to ensure the baby is getting enough nourishment.
• Monitoring: Babies with jaundice will be monitored regularly to track their bilirubin levels and ensure that they’re responding to treatment. In some cases, bilirubin levels may continue to rise, and additional treatments may be necessary.

FAQs About Jaundice in Newborns

Q. Is jaundice in newborns common?

A. Yes, jaundice affects about 60% of full-term newborns and up to 80% of premature babies.

Q. Can jaundice be prevented?

A. Jaundice is often unavoidable but can be managed through frequent breastfeeding and monitoring bilirubin levels.

Q. How long does jaundice last in newborns?

A. Jaundice typically resolves within 1-2 weeks. Breast milk jaundice may last longer but generally doesn’t pose a serious concern.

When to Seek Medical Help

Consult best pediatrician Dr. Samir Khanapirkar if you notice any of the following:

• Yellowing of the skin or eyes increases or spreads rapidly.
• The baby is excessively sleepy or difficult to wake for feedings.
• Dark urine or pale stools are observed.
• The baby shows signs of distress or abnormal behavior.

Jaundice is usually treatable when detected early, so it’s important to keep a close eye on any symptoms and seek medical advice as needed.